困境中要心疼自己 Love yourself when you're in trouble

一、可能产生的痛苦

  1. 在这个物欲横流的世界,朋友这个词变得越来越抽象。用到你时,对你大加赞赏,千方百计设法讨好你,而觉得你没有用时,转身而去,从此不再正眼瞧你一下。甚至恶语相加,落井下石。推杯换盏,迎来送往,酒肉朋友一大堆,可到最后你又有几个能够对其敞开心扉,又有几个在危难之时,向你伸出援助之手?可能一个也没有。所以,担惊受怕,冷暖自知的你感到了孤独和无助。

  2. 进入好单位大门的机会应通过公开、公平、公正的竞争取得,应该让勤奋的穷人家的孩子也享有这种机会,但这种机会却常常被某些贪官攫取留给了自己的关系。贪官污吏不只是给国家造成了多少无法挽回的损失,更重要的是独占了本该属于勤奋青年的机会和资源,却给了比之有过之而无不及的后辈们。如果这些贪官还懂得掩盖和作秀的话,他们的后辈却变本加厉,无所顾忌了。

  3. 纵然你侥幸进了好一点的单位,却发现干活的永远是没有关系的敬业者,而好事却永远落不到自己的头上。无所事事者,优哉游哉,却常常有惊喜。你甚至打了退堂鼓……

二、可能解决的方法

  1. 要有一双火眼金睛,要有一颗平淡之心。没有人真心希望你好,除了你的亲人。同时,还要善于识人。阎锡山统治山西三十余载,可谓有非常之手段。他常说的一句话,“人逢危难宜放胆,人非知己莫谈心。” 相濡以沫是美好的,但也要懂得,一旦条件好了,还不如相忘,畅游在江湖中。何必放不下那曾经的相濡以沫呢?

  2. 如果只有一瓶水,不要去争,要努力给自己创造一瓶水、一桶水,甚至一条江河,要努力去创造更好的机会。我原单位的第一个研究生,通过自己的努力考上了硕士、博士,进入了上海微软。他给自己创造了多大的一个机会啊。

  3. 如果不能毅然决然离开维持你生计的工作,就不要抱怨,终有一天,你的努力会得到回报的。

重要的是,身处困境要心疼自己,珍视自己,不能自暴自弃。否则,你会越滑越远,再也回不来了。

最后,就是要看穿、看透,你就不会有那么多的烦恼了。“世人皆笑我疯癫,我看世人看不穿。” 说的就是这个道理啊。


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英语学习点滴(八)英语杂谈

一、联合国教科文组织公布的世界十大难学语言中,汉语名列榜首。

  世界上最难学的十大语言排行(联合国公布)

  NO.1-汉语(中国)
  NO.2-希腊语(希腊)
  NO.3-阿拉伯语(阿拉伯)
  NO.4-冰岛语(冰岛)
  NO.5-日语(日本)
  NO.6-芬兰语(芬兰)
  NO.7-德语(德国)
  NO.8-挪威语(挪威)
  NO.9-丹麦语(丹麦)
  NO.10-法语(法国)

  当一个人听不懂另一个人在说啥的时候,他会怎么发牢骚呢?各国群众纷纷表示:

  英语:“It is Greek to me!”(“简直就是希腊语!”)

希腊语:(“听着就跟汉语似的”)

最后是最强大的一个说法:

  汉语:“简直就是听天书!”

看来,只有天书比汉语难了。

上表中我们找不到英语的影子,学习了法语、德语之后,你才明白英语是多么的容易。在西方以字母组成的文字中,英语是最容易学的。

二、杨宪益跟他的夫人戴乃迭把人们认为“不可译”的作品翻译成英文介绍到西方去,比如:曹雪芹的《红楼梦》,屈原的《离骚》,鲁迅的《阿Q正传》等等。

上世纪60年代批三家村,邓拓的《燕山夜话》曾经由杨宪益翻译成英文,发表在英文版的《中国文学》杂志上,外文局的红卫兵要批邓拓,找不到邓拓的中文原作,就把杨宪益翻译的英文找来,命令他再翻译成中文,吓唬他说要是搞鬼,故意翻错,连他一道批判。杨宪益就只好把他翻译成英文的《燕山夜话》又翻译回来,红卫兵不相信他有这样的本事,后来找到邓拓的原作对照着一看,居然错不了几个字。

可见,只要功夫深,就能把英语学到这样的程度。

三、容易读错的英语单词

如单词corps(n.军团),其单复数形式拼写相同,单数读音是[kɔ:],复数读音是[kɔ:z]。如果在这个词尾加—上e,则是corpse(n.尸体),而发音却是[kɔ:ps]。以下是部分容易读错的单词:

houses[ˈhaʊzɪz] fruit[fru:t] recipe[ˈresəpi] chaos[ˈkeɪɒs] chocolate[ˈtʃɒklət] many[ˈmeni] amusedly[ə’mju:zɪdlɪ] angel [ˈeɪndʒl] charisma [kəˈrɪzmə] chasm [ˈkæzəm] cleanliness [ˈklenlinəs] colonel [ˈkɜ:nl] condom [ˈkɒndɒm] debris [ˈdebri:] crooked [ˈkrʊkɪd] depot [ˈdepəʊ] desert[dézərt] deservedly [dɪˈzɜ:vɪdli] designedly [dɪ’zaɪnɪdlɪ] dogged [ˈdɒgɪd] Eiffel Tower [ˈaɪfəl] exhibit [ɪgˈzɪbɪt] gauge [ɡeɪdʒ] halfpenny [‘heɪpnɪ] image [ˈɪmɪdʒ] indictable [ɪnˈdaɪtəbl] naked [ˈneɪkɪd] plaid [plæd] prayer [preə(r)] psalm [sɑ:m] quay [ki:] soften [ˈsɒfn] sponge [spʌndʒ] uncleanly [‘ʌn’klenlɪ] naive [naɪˈi:v]

四、如何度过枯燥乏味的阶段

英语学久了,你就会感到枯燥、乏味。这是正常的,这是每个人都会经历到的,只要过了这道坎,剩下的就是快马加鞭向前奔了。

遇到这种情况,你就停下来看一看翻译名家、英语大师们的故事和英语学习的历程,看看他们付出的艰辛和取得的成绩,再对比一下自己,你还会感到寂寞、枯燥吗?我这里只列出一部分大师、名人,供你参考。

许国璋、许孟雄、王佐良、陆佩弦、李赋宁、许渊冲、葛传椝、范存忠、陈羽纶、杨宪益、刘承沛、张道真、薄冰、张培基、陈宏薇、钱歌川等,以及国家领导人的翻译,如:章含之、唐闻生、傅莹、朱彤、孙宁、张璐,还有CGTN主持人刘欣、田薇等。

五、华罗庚沉迷于数学研究,被人讥讽为“罗呆子”,后被熊庆来教授发现,邀请其去了清华。陈景润沉醉于哥德巴赫猜想,撞了树还忙说对不起。聂卫平潜心于围棋,连晒在外面的衣服也不知收起。现代围棋鼻祖吴清源看似普通,却与常人不一样。所以,如果你要研究英语,想要在英语上有所建树,你要做一个非常人,一个同常人不一样的人。如果你整日与常人混在一起,那么恭喜你,你是一个正常的人;同时也遗憾地告诉你,你将永远是一个常人。


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英语学习点滴(七)翻译漫谈

一、尽管语法是限制初学者的,但英语学习者还是要严格遵守。这正如学骑自行车一样,要求初学者身子要直,眼睛直视前方,掌握好把,然后用力向前蹬。可熟练者一步就跨上骑走了,有的还侧着身子,有的连把也不用掌控,甚至有的高手倒坐在自行车上也能让车前行。大书法家一挥而就,如果照写字的标准去看,有的不尽规范,看来说的就是这个道理。

二、汉语的句子结构好比一根竹子,一节一节地连下去,而英语的句子结构好比一串葡萄,主干可能很短,累累的果实附着在上面。也就是说,汉语行文层层展开,多用并列结构,有时一个长句可以包含几个并列短句,有时一个主语可带几个并列谓语,各成分之间存在着不同的联系,但都不用文字表示出来。英语行文讲究突出重点,重要的意思放在突出的位置,次要的意思则通过从句、分句、介词短语等手段放在次要的位置,各成分之间的关系一清二楚。例如:

中国将来富强起来了,也永远不称霸。

China will never seek hegemony even if it grows rich and strong in the future.

The young man stood before Tom, and looked at him from head to toe.

年轻人站在汤姆面前,上下打量了他一番。

三、要想避免翻译出来的句子带有浓厚的中文味道,可考虑三点。1.替代 2.主谓 3.主从

关于替代。“英语不喜欢重复,如果一个句子里或相连的几句话里需要重复某个词语,则用代词来代替,或以其他手段来避免重复。汉语不怕重复,连续使用某个词语是常见的事。汉语也用代词,但不如英语用的多。所以汉译英时要避免重复,多用代称;英译汉时要少用代称,多用实词。”(庄绎传,《英汉翻译教程》,外语教学与研究出版社)

哈佛是最早接受中国留学生的美国大学之一。中国教育界、科学界、文化界一直同哈佛大学保持着学术交流。

Harvard is among the first American universities to accept Chinese students.The Chinese educational, scientific and cultural communities have all along maintained academic exchanges with this university.

原文“哈佛”出现两次,而译文中Harvard只出现一次,第二次使用了代称this university。这样,就避免了重复。

关于主谓。主要考虑译文以什么作主语,也就是主谓怎样搭配。英语里有一个主谓搭配,译成汉语后可以保持原来的搭配。但有时却不行,汉译英也是一样。一般说来,英语不喜欢不断更换主语,汉语的主谓关系没有英语那么密切。译文以什么作主语,怎样和谓语搭配,需要不断斟酌。

关于主从。英语里大量使用定语从句、分词短语、介词短语等,体现出不同的层次。这与汉语有很大的不同,汉语多用并列动词或并列分句,因此汉语句子里并列关系居多,而且层次不明显。

四、汉译英时需要断句,而并句的情况很少。英译汉时,绝大多数情况下可以一句译一句,需要断句的情况多,需要并句的情况也很少。这和汉译英是一样的。例如:

合营企业所需原材料、燃料、配套件等,应尽先在中国购买,也可由合营企业自筹外汇,直接在国际市场上购买。

In its purchase of required raw and processed materials, fuels, auxiliary equipment, etc., an equity venture should first give priority to purchase in China. It may also make such purchase directly on the world market with foreign exchange raised by itself.

On behalf of all your American guests, I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitality for which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world.

我谨代表你们的所有美国客人向你们表示感谢,感谢你们的无可比拟的盛情款待。中国人民以这种盛情款待而闻名世界。

五、英语的句子结构紧,汉语的句子结构松。英语名词用的多,尤其是抽象名词,这样就把较多的意思压缩在一个词或词组里。汉语要多用动词和形容词,用主谓结构或动宾结构,把意思一层一层地说清楚。例如:

This consideration at once decided the disposal of my evening.

想到这里,我马上就决定了晚上应该怎样行动。

再者,汉语按时间顺序来叙述,最后再表态或评论。英语中常把先发生的事放在后面,有表态的部分时,先表态,再叙述。例如:

接到你们的贺函,我十分愉快和感谢。

I am very happy and grateful to receive your message of greetings.

总之,如果掌握了这些不同,勤学苦练,通过大量的实践,一定会写出地道的译文的。如想在翻译之路上走得更远,请认真研读《翻译漫谈》 (庄绎传,商务印书馆)。

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英语学习点滴(六)漫谈法律英语 On Legal English

我曾签约几家翻译公司,其中有一家是莱芜译林翻译社,社长亓法斌是莱芜市获得CATTI英语二级笔译专业资格证书的第一人。亓社长身残志坚,留给我很深的印象。我第一次涉足法律英语,就是从接单翻译这家公司的材料开始的。请看,我摘录的其中的一句话:

Dragon agrees to indemnify and keep indemnified the Joint Venture from and against all claims, demands, actions, damages, costs, charges and expenses or other liabilities whatsoever that may be made, brought against, suffered, sustained or incurred by the Joint Venture (excluding those claims associated with indirect, remoted,unforeseeable or pure economic loss) as a result of or arising out of any negligent act or omission of Dragon in the course of its activities upon the Lee Steere Tenements.

这种复杂的长句,特殊的结构,看似认识却不知到底何所指的词汇,一下子让我懵了。后来,我学习了孙万彪的《英汉法律翻译教程》和《汉英法律翻译教程》后,才总算弄明白。

一、 法律英语的特点

法律文本属于庄重文本,是英语中正式程度最高的一种。具有特定的法律专业术语(例如:damages指损失赔偿费)),法律英语中用到的很多普通词汇往往具有专业特定含义(例如:prejudice指损害),还有许多古英语(例如:hereafter,hereof,thereby,therefore,thereafter,thereon,whereat,whereby等等)和外来词(例如:alibi指某人不在犯罪现场的申辩或证明)。而且,法律条规和文本中由于对中心词的限定过多,语法结构往往比较复杂,大句套小句,小句套分句。

二、 法律英语的学习方法

  1. 正确理解、使用专业术语

法律英语中词汇具有特定含义,例如:execution一词,与合同、文书、协定等连用时,根本不是“执行”,而是“签订”的意思,合同等的performance 才是合同的“执行、履行”。

Provided that 但是

Here/there/where+介词=介词+this/that/which or what

Hereto 表示to this Agreement (or Contact, Deed, etc.)

For the purpose of this Agreement 就是in this Agrement 的意思

As the case may be 视情况而定

Which occurs earlier 以两种情况下先发生的为准

Without prejudice to 在不损害某规定/情况下

According to, under, subject to, in accordance with, as per, as provided in, pursuant to, in compliance with 都表示 “依照,根据”

Attributable to, due to, owing to, by virtue of, in view of, because of, on account of, considering, in consideration of 都表示“因为”

Including but not limited to 与including, without limitation 以及including by way of illustration but not limitation 都表示“包括但不限于”

  1. 掌握固定的表达格式,直接仿效套用

法律文本涉及权利、义务关系,语言庄重、严密、逻辑性强,对原文的忠实是法律翻译特别强调的方面。因此,翻译法律文件主要采用直译的方法,运用固定的表达格式。

NOW THEREFORE, it is hereby agreed as below.

为此,双方约定如下:

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英语学习点滴(五)漫谈英语汉语之别 On the Differences Between English and Chinese

正如题目中的英(语)汉(语)之别,汉语里可以这样说,但要译成英语需在英汉之间加上”and “。本文主要从形合与意合、静态与动态、替换与重复三个方面谈一下英语汉语的不同。

一、形合与意合

英国人的祖先居住在干燥的平原和海岸边,经常受到暴雨风霜的袭击。为了生存,只能面对自然,同自然作斗争。久而久之,就形成了观察自然、分析自然、了解自然的习惯。所以,英美人重个体、重分析。反映到语法上就是:语法特征是显性,句法特征是形合,词语之间用各种手段连接起来,注重句子形式,以形显义。

而中国人的祖先居住在北温带,气候温和,很少受到台风、海啸的袭击。半封闭的大陆地理环境和自给自足的小农经济使他们形成了“天人合一”的哲学思想,相信人和自然的和谐共存,重伦理、重悟性。反映到语法上就是:语法特征是隐性,句法特征是意合,词语的意义只能在句子和一定的语境中才能确定,要靠人的悟性去领会。

例如:

有饭大家吃。(如果有饭的话,那就让大家吃吧。)

Let everyone share the food if there is any.

他今天不能来上课,他还没有退烧。

He is unable to attend class today, because he has still run a fever.

句子之间的关系蕴含在句中,没有用关联词显示出来,英译时应填补关联词,以符合英语重形合的特征。

二、静态与动态

英语多用名词,叙述呈静态。例如:英语用名词表示施事者,以代替动词。A hard worker = someone who works hard.用名词代替形容词。Generation gap. 用形容词或副词表示动词意义。He was unaware of my presence.

而汉语多用动词,叙述呈动态。例如:我把她请来打字。I invited her here to do some typing. 而且,动词或动词词组可以充当句子中的各种成分。

所以,在英汉互译时,要进行静态与动态的互相转换,使译文符合表达习惯。

也许,我们中国人就喜欢闹出动静来。开业、婚嫁、祝寿等重要活动要鞭炮声声、锣鼓喧天,动静越大,显得仪式越隆重,更能显示主人的地位和身份。而英美人喜欢含蓄、喜欢静,或许那台风、海啸等自然灾害的动静已足够大了,再不需要什么动静了。

三、替换与重复

英语中尽量避免重复,除非出于修辞的需要,利用替代、省略或替换的方式来避免重复。

Electrical charges of a similar kind repeleach other and those that are dissimilar attract.

同性电荷相斥,异性电荷相吸。

另外一种方法是化学方法。

Another method is the chemical process.

The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilitiesis compounded by the paucity of the information media.

由于距离远,又缺乏交通工具,农村社会是与外界隔绝的,这种隔绝状况,由于通讯工具不足,就变得更加严重。

the paucity of 和 the lack of 都是一个意思,而不用同一个词,就是为了避免重复。

为什么有的人写出来的英语文章,句子语法也没有错,但怎么看就是与英美人写的不一样呢?这说明写的文章还不那么地道,就像老外写的汉语,我们也明白他在说什么,但总觉得有点别扭,这就是还不那么地道。

最后,再说一点发音的问题。英国人的祖先所处的地理位置冬季应是很冷的,你看英语发音口型都是张的很小的。 My lord [mai lɔ:d],英国人大概读成了[mi lɔ:d],口型张的更小了。

CGTN节目主持人刘欣,其英语纯正、流利、快速,主持节目时你甚至连她的牙齿都看不到,口张得小。而讲汉语时的口型相比较而言就张的大了。


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我的奋斗经历 My Struggle Course

每一部奋斗史都是一部苦难史,但随着时间的推移,那些曾让你刻骨铭心的故事都将会成为促你奋进的一笔财富。

Every struggle course is a history of suffering, but with the passage of time, those stories that have been engraved on your mind will become a treasure that pushes you forward.

一、在山师大校园石凳上过夜

  1. Staying the Night on the Stone Bench in Shandong Normal University

1999年,我取得了高教自学考试英语专业的本科毕业证书,达到了申请学士学位的资格,但需到济南参加学位外语的考试。

In 1999, I got a university diploma in higher education self-study examination, and got the qualification to apply for a bachelor’s degree. But it required to take an examination of a foreign language for obtaining such degree.

2000年8月底的一天,我提前去了山东师范大学考点。那时的交通不像现在发达,现在从泰安乘高铁到济南才17分钟。第一次来到大学校园,一切都那么新鲜,学习的氛围那样浓厚,我在校园里转了又转,着实让人流连忘返。

One day at the end of August 2000, I went to the examination center of Shandong Normal University ahead of time. The traffic wasn’t as developed as it is now. It’s only 17 minutes from Tai’an to Ji’nan by high-speed rail. It was the first time I came to the university campus, everything was so fresh and the atmosphere of learning was so strong. I turned around in the campus. It was really fascinating.

天黑了,要寻找晚上住宿的地方。校园外的小旅馆安全上又不放心,所以还是决定住在学校里面。只是可惜学校里的公寓住满了,连15元/每人的大房间也没有了。我在校园里的石凳上坐着,想着明天的考试,总想早早休息,便脱下穿的那件短袖(那是女儿的大姨送我的杉杉牌短袖,平日里舍不得穿)盖在身上躺下睡着了。等我醒来,已是早上三、四点钟,毕竟是八月底的天了,半夜里有些寒意。

It was getting dark. I had to look for somewhere to stay in the evening. The little hotels outside the campus were unsafe, so I decided to stay inside the school. It was a pity that the apartment in the school was full, and even the shared house was full (15 yuan / person). I was sitting on the stone bench in the campus, thinking of the test tomorrow, and wanting to rest early. Taking off the short-sleeved shirt and covering myself up, I lay down and fell asleep—the Shanshan brand shirt was given to me by the elder aunt of my daughter, and I was too fond to wear it on weekdays. When I woke up, it was already three or four in the morning, after all, it was at the end of August, I felt a bit cold in the middle of the night.

我便起来,在矗立着毛主席他老人家塑像的广场那里踱来踱去。一直到六、七点钟,路上总算有了行人,校门口的小吃摊也开张了。我便吃了早饭,准备考试去了。

I got up and walked up and down the square where stood a statue of Chairman Mao. Up until six or seven there were pedestrians on the road at last, and the snack stand at the school gate opened. I had breakfast and prepared for the examination.

2001年,我获得了文学士学位。

In 2001, I received the Bachelor of Arts degree.

二、在山大校园门口附近坐了一夜

  1. Sitting Overnight Near the Campus Entrance of Shandong Unive!rsity

2001年10月,我被减员下岗,离开原来常白班的科室工作,去干四班倒的另一项工作。正好我要去山大参加研究生考前辅导,没有办法,我只好答应待我参加辅导回来后就去倒班了。

In October 2001, laid off by downsizing, I had to leave the original department work to do another work in four shifts. Because I was going to take the postgraduate pre-exam tutorial class, I had no choice but agreed to go to work shifts after I attended the tutorial class.

第一天的辅导原定在下午6点至晚上8点,可那位辅导的老师要从郑州赶过来,火车晚点,等到辅导结束后已是晚上9点了。

The first day of the tutorial was scheduled for 6 p.m. to 8 p.m., but the tutor was coming from Zhengzhou, the train was delayed and it was already 9 p.m. after the tutorial ended.

外语院校在山东大学的老校区,古色古香,建筑风格与外语院校似乎很相称。看着偌大的自习室里静静看书的学子,我又是多么羡慕啊!

The foreign language school was at the old campus of Shandong University, having an antique flavour and the architectural style which seemed to fit the foreign language school. Looking at the students quietly reading in such big study room, how envious I was!

校门口附近有几个石凳子,我坐在那里忧心忡忡。回去上四班,孩子那么小,谁来照看呢?如果考不上就真的没有退路了…… 想着想着,竟有些困意打了个盹,忽听女儿喊爸爸的声音,一下子惊醒来,原来是旁边玩耍的小女孩在喊她的爸爸。

There were several stone benches near the school gate. I sat there worrying. Going back to work in four shifts, my daughter was so young, who would take care of her? If I failed the graduate test, there really was no route of retreat…I found myself falling asleep, suddenly hearing my daughter shouting Daddy. I woke up with a start, finding that it was the little girl playing nearby shouting her father.

我在校门口附近的路上漫无目的地走着,为了安全起见,又不敢走的太远。坐在路边,困了就趴在膝盖上,有巡逻的警察走过,看了身份证,问了几句话后就走开了。不只是为了省那几十元钱住宿费,只是我真的连找住宿的心情都没有了。

I walked aimlessly along the road near the school gate. I was afraid to go too far for safety reasons. Sitting on the side of the road, I spent the night with my head on the knees when feeling sleepy. There were patrolling police walking past, and after they read my ID card, and asked a few words, they walked away. Not just to save the dozens of dollars of accommodation fee, but I really didn’t even bother to find a place to pass the night.

回来后得知,女儿晚上找不到我,抱着我的那本英语书哭了大半天,说爸爸在家时经常看那本书,那哭声似乎爸爸永远走了……

When I came back, I learned that when my daughter couldn’t find me at night, she cried for a long time, holding the English book. She said her father often read the book when he was at home. It seemed that her father was gone forever…

2001年10月30日,我开始上四班。等到成绩下来,我已上了半年的班了。政治65分,日语80分,可专业课还是差几分。毕竟全是自学的英语,再有大的提高短时间内是很难了。

On October 30, 2001, I began to work in four shifts. By the time I got my grades, I had been in this work for half a year. Politics 65 points, Japanese 80 points, but my major courses were not good. After all, it was all by my self-study, and it was hard to make a big improvement in a short time.

整整一年后,2002年10月30日,我辞职应聘去了一家国际贸易公司。这时,女儿开始上小学了。

Exactly a year later, on October 30, 2002, I resigned and was employed by an international trading company. At this time, my daughter attended primary school.

2003年,我又通过考试进入了政府机关。

In 2003, I passed the examination and got into the government office.

时至今日,我也没有放弃过学习。我觉得,奋斗是一件终身的事情。

To this day, I have not given up learning. I think, struggle is a lifelong thing.

附:我当年研究生准考证以及从报纸上裁下来的山大外语系的介绍,我把它们粘贴在了我那本翻得烂烂的词典上。

Attached: Admission Card for Postgraduate Entrance Examination, and Introductioon of Department of Foreign Languages of Shandong University from a newspaper—I stuck them on my dictionary which was completely dog-eared.

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